The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between internal migration patterns and environment-oriented social security factors by pathological approach. The research method is the secondary analysis of census data,universe of study contains 31 provinces of the country in year 2011. Based on the two percent census file, the sample contain 95093 migrated people. The theoretical framework of present article is social disorganization theory which extensively analysis the impacts of newly immigrants on the efficiency and ability of society for social controls. The results show that about 16 percent of the total internal migration, potentially pathological migrations (PMs). The destination of most PMs is Tehran, Hamadan, Razavi Khorasan and Alborz Provinces. Nearly 80 percent of PMs are between the 15 –,35 years old. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between PMs and the social environment insecurity index (r: 576, sig: 99. 9), But there was not a significant correlation between total net migration and PMs. According to the results, migration, by itself, not lead to the occurrence of social problems, but the quality of migrants and the mechanism of adaptation to the destination are contexts of social security.

Globalization، International Migrations and Languages This thesis an attempt to explore that how globalization through international migration effects on the tongues. Just as the globalization accelerate، expand and diversify the migration، so it separates a person from the language community and leads her or him to join the new one. Language and migration and their interaction can be examined from three directions. The first issue is related to the migration policies of the host countries. Under the migration laws of their host countries، established rules are applied in the field of language. In this way، the individual is forced to abandon their language and prefer another language. The second issue is acculturation and integration into the host society. Because of using various opportunities، immigrants have to learn the language of the host community insofar as they integrated into the new community. This conformity gives rise not to transmit their language to second and third generations of immigrants and thereby there is no intergenerational language transmission among them. At the same time، immigration is negatively effects on languages in another way، when massive migration to a place where residents are in the minor situations and newcomers are powerful ones. In this context، the former people lose their language and culture. The examples of international migration present how immigrants and the host community's language have been affected and shows how large-scale international migration results in the loss of linguistic diversity and linguistic homogenization in the world.

Migration is a process that reconstructs an image of the earth's reflecting structure from elastic wavefield energy recorded at the surface in seismic traces. In seismic imaging, conventional processing is concentrates on producing a stacked section from common mid point gathers and is followed by a poststack migration, while in a prestack migration, first the events are migrated one by one, then those are stacked and the energy the common reflection point gathers goes to the surface of the earth. In this paper the effects of both post-and pre-stack time migration methods are compared by use of the Kirchhoff summation method on a seismic line in the central Iran area. The method of data collection is offend and the foldage is 48. The source of energy in acquisition is dynamite. The work is implemented by using PROMAX 6.0 software on ULTRA SUN system. The results are as follows: Continuity of reflectors will be improved after prestack migration. Velocity analysis after prestack migration is improved and provides a better harmony of the velocities. Because of the increasing of the reflector's amplitudes continuity, some geology structures appeared after prestack migration.      

Migration as an example of place and space consumption has increasingly turned into a strategy for filling up life chances among the youth and particularly among the young elites. By opting for migration young people promote their cultural and human capital and preserve their distinction.Drawing on qualitative interviews of 35 young elites studying in major Tehran universities and influenced by the theory of reflexive modernity, the present paper aims to clarify meanings, interpretations and importance of migration behavior seen in youth identity and lifestyles. The findings strongly support the impact of globalization process and cosmopolitan values on this group.Similarly, on a personal level, tendencies to maintain personal lifestyles and to promote professional and educational skills are among the major motives explaining migration.

Migrations from the less developed areas to the more developed ones often create problems that, in order to cope with these problems, make the migrants' characteristics crucial information to understand the causes of the migrations for policy makers. These characteristics consist of the age-sex composition, economic status, employment status and job specifications, education, marital status, size of the migrants' households.This article tries to study the causes of two types of migrations, from rural-to-urban and urban-to-rural areas, and to compare the results. To this end, a twenty-percent-sample of the 2006 national census is used. Statistical tests and the related analysis are carried out on 167000 migrants. Statistical results are tested with bivariate tests (including chi-square, Cramer's Vand Phi tests) and multivariate tests (including binary Logistic regression).Findings show that among the causes of the migrations, there is a Significant difference among the age-sex composition from rural-to-urban and urban-to-rural migrations. This result is consistent with the findings of other studies. The results of this study can be used for socio-economic planning and demographic policy making.

AbstractIn this research, the study of gender in Iranian women's international migrations has been studied in the interpretive paradigm and the qualitative methodology of Grounded Theory. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with independent immigrant Iranian women living in Western developed countries, using snowball sampling. Theoretical saturation was reached after 15 interviews. The core category was 'femininity and closure' and the causal conditions governing the core category were 'patriarchy, women and feelings of insecurity, gender restrictions, gender stereotypes and social exclusion of women'. The participants' strategy against the core category was "liberation from institutionalized patriarchy". The findings show that the social context and the intervening factors, shaped the confrontation between female agency with male structures in Iran, which influenced women’s migration strategy. The women migrated to seek more opportunities for their femininity and self-realization. The research findings indicate that gender as a social and cultural construct is closely linked to women's migration process. IntroductionIran has witnessed a significant increase in the share of women migrants since 2015. However, migration studies in Iran, have largely overlooked the growing and independent participation of women in these movements. This research aims to answer the following question: what are the conditions and platforms that enable independent international migration among Iranian women? Method and dataThis study used a qualitative approach and collected data through in-depth interview technique and grounded theory technique. The study participants were Iranian women who migrated independently and resided in developed western countries. The data collection was done using semi-structured in-depth interview and non-probability purposive sampling based on snowball method. FindingsThrough continuous comparison of the data, 523 quotations were extracted. 106 concepts or open codes emerged from these quotations in the open coding stage. After reviewing the data and comparing the concepts repeatedly, 14 categories were extracted. These categories were categorized as causal conditions, intervening factors, background factors, strategy and consequence in the central and selective coding stages. The main categories of the research are shown in Table 1.Table 1: The categories extracted from qualitative data analysisThe Nature of categoriesThe main categoriesCore category Casual condition  Patriarchy     Femininity and closure Woman and insecurityGender stereotypesGender-based deprivationsSocial exclusion of women Contextual conditionthe instability of Iran's general situationideological hegemonylack of meritocracyacademic inefficiencyIntervening conditionsimmigration networkUniversity as launch padStrategyliberation from institutionalized patriarchyConsequencedisembedded and migration Conclusion and DiscussionThe findings indicate that female gender, along with economic, political and ideological categories, as well as dissatisfaction with the administrative system and the academic institution, influenced the migration and disembedding process of these women.In their narratives, most of these independent women migrants to Western industrialized countries have talked about the prominent role of categories associated with female gender in shaping their migration. These categories have been identified under the headings of patriarchy, women and the sense of insecurity, gender-related stereotypes, gender-based deprivation and social exclusion of women, which, together with economic and political instability, ideological hegemony, lack of meritocracy and dissatisfaction with the institution of the university, motivated these women to migrate to Western developed countries.The migration network, as the communication links with abroad, and the university platform as an environment that introduces people to the outside world and its facilities and opportunities, also facilitated their migration. In other words, the confrontation of female agency with male structures under the influence of background conditions and intervening factors led to the migration of the participants, which can be called "emergency-based selection" or "forced selection".Based on the results of this study, to reduce the outflow of women's migration, it is recommended that the political institutions should try to weaken the patriarchal system that dominates the various domains of women's lives. They should also create the conditions for the participation and recognition of more women in different sectors of society and reduce the gender gap in the country. AcknowledgmentsThis article is based on the doctoral dissertation of the first author in the field of sociology, completed at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences of Shiraz University. The authors appreciate the participants in the interviews of the research and the anonymous reviewers of the present paper for their constructive feedbacks.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the interprovincial migrations between provinces in Iran, and its determinants, during 2006-2010. Research Methods was secondary analysis of immigration-related data, acquired mostly from the national census in 2010. The results showed the proportion of migrants/population=7/4 person in the period. Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Fars and Alborz Provinces had The most percent of migrants (44%) respectively, while Ardebil, Qom, Kohgilooyeh Boyerahmad, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, and Ilam, enjoyed the lowest percent of migrants. About 50% of emigrints allocated to Tehran, Khuzestan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Alborz, Isfahan and Kermanshah provinces.13 out of 31 country provinces, had a positive net immigration (to them), whiles 18 of provinces, experienced a negative net emigration (from them). In analytical review of the relationship between net migration rate and independent variables -including population growth, unemployment rate, average education years, rural/urban population, and urbanization percentage- showed that statistically, there is a significant relationship between population growth and unemployment rate, with net migration.

This paper aims to study the indices of Inter-provincial migrations by use of migration's spatial structure model and mobility transition theory of Zelinsky, in Iran during 1976-2006. The study focuses on five conceptual aspects of inter-provincial migrations which include intensity, effectiveness, concentration, connectivity and distance of interprovincial migrations.The results taken from Migration Effectiveness Index indicate that the effect of inter-provincial migrations on population redistribution and mig-reprodoction rate has reduced during 1976-2006. In addition, the inter-provincial migration connectivity over the same period has increased.Levels and trends of migration centrality indices indicate centrality in Iran' s migration system has reduced in recent decade. Additionally a stable pattern is observed for migration's distances.Changes of in and inter regional inequality of per capita incomes, increasing of communications facilities and changes of regional population growth rates have been basic determinants of Iran's migration spatial structure.

Though, migration is known as one of the implications of drought, there might be found a limited number of studies conducted to explain the effects of migrations resulting from drought. Thus, this study investigates such a process and its effective factors in 2010 through a qualitative method by using documentary data of a village in Khasouyeh subdistrict in Fars province. Findings show that a series of various natural, economic and social factors result in permanent migration of households; the natural and economic factors, however, pave the ground for temporary migrations as well; moreover, migration never comes out of a sudden decision, rather it is resulted from inefficiencies of other options. Finally, while the migrants tend to face a lot of economic, emotional and social difficulties, the migration is still assumed as a useful strategy. Therefore, it is recommended that policy-makers facilitate a drought-consistency process by means of training and direct the rural migration flows toward the areas benefiting from adequate capacities to generate employments.

Rural migration research has concentrated primarily on examining why people migrate and which factors influence their decision to migrate. Although both economic and non-economic factors are recognized as playing a role in migrants' decision-making process, the relative influence of these factors varies from person to person, since migrants comprise an assortment of individual of different backgrounds. The desire to translate the rural migration phenomenon into concrete theoretical and empirical models seems necessary in order to provide a better understanding of migrant’s behavior. This paper tries to explain traditional and new theory of rural migration.